Krishna and Radha playing chaturanga on an 8×8 Oshtapata board However, Karnamak contains many fables and legends, and this only establishes the popularity of chatrang at the time of its composition. "By the help of Providence, Ardeshir became more victorious and warlike than all, on the polo and the riding-ground, at Chatrang and Vine-Artakhshir, and in several other arts." In Persian folk etymology, a Persian text refers to Shah Ardashir I, who ruled from 224 to 241, as a master of the game: Antique North Indian Mughul shatranj chess set made from sandalwood. In Middle Persian the word appears as chatrang, with the 'u' lost due to syncope and the 'a' lost to apocope, such as in the title of the text Mâdayân î chatrang ("Book of Chess") from the 7th century AD. The Persian word shatranj ultimately derives from Sanskrit ( Sanskrit: चतुरङ्ग caturaṅga) ( catuḥ: "four" anga: "arm"), referring to the game of the same name: Chaturanga. Also, as will appear, it was believed in Persia that the game arrived there from India. This suggests that the game, as well as its name, came from India. The name of the game in adjoining countries appears to be derived from chaturanga - chatrang in Persian, shatranj in Arabic, Chanderaki in Tibetan are examples. Modern chess gradually developed from this game, as it was introduced to Europe by contacts in Muslim Al-Andalus (modern Spain) and in Sicily in the 10th century. Its origins are in the Indian game of chaturaṅga. Shatranj (Arabic and Persian: شطرنج from Middle Persian chatrang چترنگ) is an old form of chess, as played in the Sasanian Empire. Two shatranj players in a detail from a Persian miniature painting of Bayasanghori Shahname made in 1430 For the 1993 film, see Shatranj (1993 film). For the 1969 film, see Shatranj (1969 film).
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